A recent study published in JAMA Network Open has shed light on the relationship between blood pressure variability (BPV) and the risk of developing dementia later in life. The findings suggest that individuals with high BPV in their later years have a higher lifetime risk of dementia, while no such association was observed for those with high BPV in midlife.
BPV, which refers to fluctuations in blood pressure, can be seen as an indicator of underlying issues that impact blood flow to the brain. Poor blood supply to the brain has been linked to the development of dementia. This new research adds to the growing body of evidence indicating that BPV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the complications associated with high blood pressure.
The study involved 820 participants who were followed from the time they entered the study until their death. Data was collected between 1994 and November 2019, with participants assessed at regular intervals. Systolic blood pressure, which measures the pressure against artery walls when the heart contracts, was recorded yearly from the age of 50.
The researchers calculated visit-to-visit BPV for each age decade and conducted cognitive abilities screenings during each visit. Scores below 86 points triggered a comprehensive evaluation for dementia. Participants diagnosed with dementia were then followed for one year to verify their diagnosis. Autopsies were performed on consenting individuals after their passing.
After analysing the data, the researchers found that individuals with high BPV in later life had a 35% higher risk of developing dementia over their lifetime. However, this increased risk was only observed in individuals who were 90 years of age. The study suggests that targeting BPV may not be effective in preventing dementia in middle-aged individuals.
BPV is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors such as short-term stress, exercise-induced effects on circadian rhythms, arterial stiffening, and errors in medication use. Ulm noted that studies have associated BPV with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and other conditions, although the precise relationship remains unclear and subject to ongoing research.
Dementia arises from pathological changes in the brain’s neural circuitry, the active metabolic state of the central nervous system requires a consistent blood supply for optimal cognitive function. Insufficient blood delivery to the central nervous system, particularly in vascular dementia, has been linked to dementia development.
However, scientists cautioned that the link between blood pressure and dementia is still somewhat uncertain. While hypertension and poor blood pressure control have often been associated with an elevated risk of dementia, not all studies have consistently supported this conclusion. Similarly, the association between BPV and dementia may require further investigation.
To reduce the risk of developing dementia, it is essential to maintain a healthy lifestyle that helps stabilise blood pressure. Regular physical activity, a balanced diet low in salt and high in fruits and vegetables, moderate alcohol consumption, and avoiding smoking are all crucial measures. Managing stress effectively through techniques like mindfulness, yoga, or breathing exercises can also contribute to stable blood pressure levels.
Regular health check-ups are important to monitor blood pressure and take early steps to control it if necessary. Additionally, adherence to prescribed medication for blood pressure management is vital. Taking medications as directed by healthcare providers can significantly contribute to reducing the risk of dementia.
This new study highlights the potential impact of blood pressure variability on dementia risk in later life. While further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between BPV and dementia, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and effectively managing blood pressure are crucial steps individuals can take to reduce their risk of developing this debilitating condition.
