Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral infection that has recently been declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to outbreaks in parts of Africa. The disease, which can be highly contagious, has resulted in over 450 fatalities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo).
Overview of Mpox
Mpox is caused by a virus related to smallpox, though it is generally less severe. Initially transmitted from animals to humans, it now also spreads between individuals. Common early symptoms include fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, back pain, and muscle aches. Following the fever, a rash often appears, starting on the face and then spreading to other areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This rash can be very itchy or painful and evolves through several stages before forming scabs that eventually fall off, potentially leaving scars. The infection typically lasts between 14 and 21 days and may resolve on its own, but can be fatal, especially in vulnerable groups like young children.
Current Outbreaks
Mpox is most prevalent in remote areas of West and Central Africa, particularly in the DR Congo, where thousands of infections occur annually. Children under 15 are the most affected demographic. Recent outbreaks have also been reported in Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya—regions where the disease is not commonly found.
There are two main types of mpox: Clade 1, which tends to be more severe, and Clade 2. Clade 1 has caused sporadic outbreaks in the DR Congo for decades and is currently spreading. A concerning new variant known as Clade 1b appears to be affecting children more than adults and may spread more easily.
According to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 14,500 mpox infections and more than 450 deaths were recorded between January and July 2024—a significant increase compared to the same period in 2023.
Transmission of Mpox
Mpox spreads through close contact with an infected person. This includes sexual contact, skin-to-skin contact, and close breathing or talking with someone who has the virus. The virus can enter the body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, or mucous membranes such as the eyes, nose, or mouth. It can also be contracted by touching contaminated objects like bedding, clothing, or towels, as well as through close contact with infected animals, including monkeys and rodents.
During the global outbreak in 2022, the primary mode of transmission was sexual contact. The current outbreaks in DR Congo are similarly driven by sexual interactions and other close contact situations.
Who is Most at Risk?
Anyone who has close contact with an infected person can contract mpox, including healthcare workers and family members. Sexual relations among infected adults contribute to rising case numbers. Young children are particularly vulnerable due to developing immune systems and poorer nutrition in some regions. Additionally, those with weakened immune systems or pregnant women may face higher risks.
To reduce transmission, individuals are advised to avoid close contact with anyone displaying symptoms of mpox and to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water if the virus is present in their community. Those infected should isolate until all lesions have healed. The WHO recommends using condoms for 12 weeks after recovery as a precaution during sexual activity.
Vaccination for Mpox
Vaccines for mpox exist but are typically only available to those at risk or who have been in close contact with an infected person. Concerns have been raised about insufficient funding to ensure widespread vaccination access. The WHO has called on drug manufacturers to provide mpox vaccines for emergency use, even if not yet formally approved.
With the Africa CDC declaring a continent-wide public health emergency, there is hope for better coordination among governments to enhance medical supply flows and aid to affected regions. Without global intervention, there is significant concern that the outbreak could extend beyond Africa.
