In recent days, you might have come across concerning news reports about a serious outbreak in Japan. Certain sources have employed phrases such as “flesh-eating bacteria” and “fatality within two days”, attracting global attention.
However, Japanese officials clarify that these descriptions are overstated regarding a symptom of an infection with low transmission risk. In Malaysia, Ministry of Health of Malaysia (MOH) is seeking advice from the WHO regarding the outbreak so that Malaysia would be well prepared in case of global emergencies.
Now, let’s delve into the details of the illness and the narrative circulating worldwide.
What is flesh eating bacteria ?
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is the clinical term for this disease. It is an infection triggered by group A bacteria infiltrating the bloodstream or deep tissues. While this type of bacteria typically causes mild infections such as strep throat in children, certain strains can progress rapidly, resulting in invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS). You might recall reports of an increase in iGAS cases in Australia last year. STSS is viewed as a complication of iGAS that has the potential to swiftly evolve into a life-threatening emergency.
How fast is flesh eating bacteria (STSS) spreading in Japan
What is the rate of spread of STSS in Japan? In March, Japan’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases raised concerns about the escalating rates. By June 2, Japan had reported approximately 977 cases of STSS. This marks a significant increase compared to the previous period, as Japan had only recorded 941 cases throughout the entire year of 2023.
This year marks the highest number of cases reported in Japan since the current recording method was established.The reason behind the surge in cases is not definitively known, but Japanese health authorities suggest a link between the increase in respiratory infections and the relaxation of COVID-19 measures.
According to Professor Ken Kikuchi from Tokyo Women’s Medical University, the immune systems of individuals weakened during the lockdown period. He explained to Japan’s national broadcaster, NHK, that constant exposure to bacteria helps boost immunity, a mechanism that was lacking during the coronavirus pandemic. As a result, more people have become susceptible to infections, contributing to the significant increase in cases.It’s important to note that this trend is not unique to Japan, as similar increases have been observed in Europe as well.
How does it spread?
It’s a challenging question to answer. Although individuals with open wounds are more vulnerable to developing STSS, the exact route through which the bacteria enters the bodies of almost half of those diagnosed remains uncertain. According to experts and various sources, the following groups are particularly at risk:
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Elderly individuals and children
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Individuals with diabetes
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Individuals with alcohol use disorder
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Individuals undergoing treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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Individuals with an immunodeficiency
What are the signs of STSS?
Initial symptoms consist of:
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Fever and shivering
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Muscle pain
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Feeling nauseous and vomiting
Approximately 24 to 48 hours after the onset of the initial symptoms, the following signs may appear:
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Low blood pressure
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Organ dysfunction
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Increased heart rate
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Rapid breathing
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Tissue necrosis The term “flesh-eating bacteria” stems from the necrosis or death of body tissue.
How is Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) treated?
Individuals diagnosed with STSS should seek medical attention at a hospital. According to experts, antibiotics are the primary treatment for the disease. In some cases, surgical intervention might be necessary to eliminate the infection source.
How to stay safe?
Since there is no vaccine currently available, the most effective method to prevent infection is by practicing good hygiene.
This involves:
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Regularly washing your hands and using hand sanitizer.
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Cleaning your body and hair frequently with soap and fresh, running water.
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Ensuring that any wounds are kept clean and covered until they heal.
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Refraining from entering bodies of water such as hot tubs, swimming pools, lakes, rivers, and oceans if you have an open wound.
