A recent study conducted by researchers in the UK has revealed that individuals with prediabetes, a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet at the diabetes threshold, face an increased risk of heart failure and stroke. The findings, published in The Lancet Regional Health, emphasise the significance of lifestyle changes and medication use in reducing these risks.
The study involved a large cohort of over 427,000 participants from the UK Biobank, a long-term observational study. Researchers categorised the participants based on their average blood sugar levels over a three-month period, dividing them into low-normal, normal, prediabetes, and diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) categories.
After adjusting for age, the study revealed that individuals with prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes had a 30% to 47% higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease problems, including stroke and heart failure, compared to those with normal blood sugar levels. Interestingly, the study also found that women with prediabetes faced higher cardiovascular risks than men, although these differences diminished when considering lifestyle factors and medication use.
The study’s findings highlight the importance of glycemic control across a spectrum, rather than solely focusing on whether someone has diabetes or not. The use of medication indicated in the study was also shown to lessen the risk associated with elevated blood sugar levels.
People with diabetes, particularly if it is uncontrolled, are already known to have a high risk of cardiovascular disease. This includes damage to both small and large blood vessels, leading to complications such as kidney problems, eye issues, nerve damage, stroke, and congestive heart failure. However, the study’s results emphasise that individuals with prediabetes should also be aware of the potential microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with the condition.
It is important to note that the study primarily focused on individuals aged 40 to 69 years, and therefore, the implications may not be directly applicable to younger or older age groups. Additionally, it is worth considering that the participants in the study exhibited healthier lifestyle behaviours and lower rates of cardiovascular disease compared to the general population. Thus, the findings may differ for less healthy groups.
The study’s authors suggest that modifiable factors such as weight reduction strategies and the use of antihypertensive and statin medications can help mitigate the increased risks observed in both men and women. However, it is concerning that there appears to be a discrepancy in medication use between genders, with men more likely to be prescribed these preventative drugs despite similar blood sugar levels in women.
Healthcare professionals emphasise the importance of proactive healthcare for women with diabetes since they are often less likely to exhibit symptoms, leading to undiagnosed cardiovascular disease. Women at risk are encouraged to seek medical attention and discuss screening options for cardiovascular disease.
While the study highlights the heightened risks associated with prediabetes, it is crucial to remember that prediabetes serves as a warning signal rather than a conclusive diagnosis. This presents an opportunity for individuals to make lifestyle changes and potentially prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes and its associated cardiovascular risks. Adopting a balanced diet low in refined carbohydrates, saturated fat, and added sugars, along with regular exercise incorporating both cardiovascular and strength training components, can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other health problems.
Registered dietitians recommend diets such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the green Mediterranean diet for their positive health benefits. Regular health check-ups and screenings for potential risk factors, including blood sugar testing, cholesterol/lipid checks, and blood pressure monitoring, are essential for managing the risks associated with prediabetes.
This study provides valuable insights into the increased risk of heart failure and stroke in individuals with prediabetes. This underscores the importance of lifestyle changes, medication use, and proactive healthcare in reducing these risks. By maintaining normal blood sugar levels through lifestyle modifications and adopting a healthy lifestyle overall, individuals can significantly decrease their chances of developing type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications.
